NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS Ess

NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS A simulated flight environment for pilot training may soon be made more realistic through the use of eye-tracking technology developed by researchers at the University of Toronto's Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IMBE). Many safety and cost benefits are obtained by training aircraft pilots under simulated conditions, but to be effective the simulation must be convicingly realistic. At present, th e training facilities use large domes and gimballed projectors, or an array of video screens, to display computer-generated images. But these installations are very expensive and image resolution is low. Further, it would take an enormous amount of addi to improve image quality significantly throughout the whole viewed scene. However, based on the visual properties of the eye, realism can be obtained by providing a high-resolution 'area of interest' insert within a large, low-resolution field of view. If the image-generating computer 'knows' where the pilot's fixation is, it mage there. The technology to make this possible was developed by a research team headed by Professor Richard Frecker and Professor Moshe Eizenman. The work was carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal with financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Their eye-tracker can record and analyze accurately up to 500 eye positions per second. The system works by means of capturing and processing the reflections of a low-level beam o f invisible infra-red light shone onto the eye. Multi-element arrays capture the image of the eye and digitize the information, which is then processed in real time by a fast, dedicated signal processing unit. The difference in position between the ligh tre of the pupil reveals the instantaneous direction of gaze. Developments by the IBME team have significantly increased the speed of signal processing in addition to enhancing accuracy of eye position estimates. Eizenman believes that "these improvements make our eye-tracker very effective in monitoring the large G-force environment where the pilot tends to make larger eye movements because of contraints which exist on movements of his head". In a new generation of aircraft simulators, under development by CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal, a head tracker which tells the direction of the pilot's head is mounted on top of the helmet. The eye tracker is mounted on the front of the helmet, and is ll exactly where the pilot's eye is fixating. Frecker said that "successful integration of our eye tracker into the novel helmet-mounted CAE flight simulator would result in a new generation of simulators that would likely replace the current large domes and cumbersome video display units." Initial tests of the integrated system will be carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics at Williams Air Force Base in Arizona later this year. New Eye Tracking Techniques Improve Realism Of Aircraft Simulators Ess New Eye Tracking Techniques Improve Realism of Aircraft Simulators A simulated flight environment for pilot training may soon be made more realistic through the use of eye-tracking technology developed by researchers at the University of Toronto's Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IMBE). Many safety and cost benefits are obtained by training aircraft pilots under simulated conditions, but to be effective the simulation must be convicingly realistic. At present, th e training facilities use large domes and gimballed projectors, or an array of video screens, to display computer-generated images. But these installations are very expensive and image resolution is low. Further, it would take an enormous amount of addi to improve image quality significantly throughout the whole viewed scene. However, based on the visual properties of the eye, realism can be obtained by providing a high-resolution 'area of interest' insert within a large, low-resolution field of view. If the image-generating computer 'knows' where the pilot's fixation is, it mage there. The technology to make this possible was developed by a research team headed by Professor Richard Frecker and Professor Moshe Eizenman. The work was carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal with financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Their eye-tracker can record and analyze accurately up to 500 eye positions per second. The system works by means of capturing and processing the reflections of a low-level beam o f invisible infra-red light shone onto the eye. Multi-element arrays capture the image of the eye and digitize the information, which is then processed in real time by a fast, dedicated signal processing unit. The difference in position between the ligh tre of the pupil reveals the instantaneous direction of gaze. Developments by the IBME team have significantly increased the speed of signal processing in addition to enhancing accuracy of eye position estimates. Eizenman believes that "these improvements make our eye-tracker very effective in monitoring the large G-force environment where the pilot tends to make larger eye movements because of contraints which exist on movements of his head". In a new generation of aircraft simulators, under development by CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal, a head tracker which tells the direction of the pilot's head is mounted on top of the helmet. The eye tracker is mounted on the front of the helmet, and is ll exactly where the pilot's eye is fixating. Frecker said that "successful integration of our eye tracker into the novel helmet-mounted CAE flight simulator would result in a new generation of simulators that would likely replace the current large domes and cumbersome video display units." Initial tests of the integrated system will be carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics at Williams Air Force Base in Arizona later this year. Contact: Moshe Eizenman (416)978-5523 Richard Frecker (416)978-2236 NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS Ess NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS NEW EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUES IMPROVE REALISM OF AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS A simulated flight environment for pilot training may soon be made more realistic through the use of eye-tracking technology developed by researchers at the University of Toronto's Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IMBE). Many safety and cost benefits are obtained by training aircraft pilots under simulated conditions, but to be effective the simulation must be convicingly realistic. At present, th e training facilities use large domes and gimballed projectors, or an array of video screens, to display computer-generated images. But these installations are very expensive and image resolution is low. Further, it would take an enormous amount of addi to improve image quality significantly throughout the whole viewed scene. However, based on the visual properties of the eye, realism can be obtained by providing a high-resolution 'area of interest' insert within a large, low-resolution field of view. If the image-generating computer 'knows' where the pilot's fixation is, it mage there. The technology to make this possible was developed by a research team headed by Professor Richard Frecker and Professor Moshe Eizenman. The work was carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal with financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Their eye-tracker can record and analyze accurately up to 500 eye positions per second. The system works by means of capturing and processing the reflections of a low-level beam o f invisible infra-red light shone onto the eye. Multi-element arrays capture the image of the eye and digitize the information, which is then processed in real time by a fast, dedicated signal processing unit. The difference in position between the ligh tre of the pupil reveals the instantaneous direction of gaze. Developments by the IBME team have significantly increased the speed of signal processing in addition to enhancing accuracy of eye position estimates. Eizenman believes that "these improvements make our eye-tracker very effective in monitoring the large G-force environment where the pilot tends to make larger eye movements because of contraints which exist on movements of his head". In a new generation of aircraft simulators, under development by CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal, a head tracker which tells the direction of the pilot's head is mounted on top of the helmet. The eye tracker is mounted on the front of the helmet, and is ll exactly where the pilot's eye is fixating. Frecker said that "successful integration of our eye tracker into the novel helmet-mounted CAE flight simulator would result in a new generation of simulators that would likely replace the current large domes and cumbersome video display units." Initial tests of the integrated system will be carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics at Williams Air Force Base in Arizona later this year.

SAT Score Comparison for SUNY Campuses

SAT Score Comparison for SUNY Campuses When applying to colleges within the State Universities of New York (SUNY) system, good SAT or ACT scores  are crucial. However, it may not be clear what scores count as good, especially when it comes to applying to state schools like those in the SUNY system as opposed to colleges in  the Ivy League  or  top liberal arts colleges. Fast Facts: SUNY SAT Scores Binghamton University has the highest average SAT scores in the SUNY system; Buffalo State University has the lowest.Fashion Institute of Technology, Purchase College, and SUNY Potsdam have test-optional admissions.The majority of SUNY students earned SAT scores that are above the national average. Comparison of SAT Scores for SUNY Students If youre wondering if you have the SAT scores youll need to get into one of the four-year SUNY colleges and universities, heres a side-by-side comparison of scores for the middle 50% of enrolled students. If your scores fall within or above these ranges, youre on target for admission to one of these public universities in New York State. SUNY SAT Score Comparison (mid 50%) School ERW 25% ERW 75% Math 25% Math 75% Albany 550 630 550 630 Alfred State 470 580 480 590 Binghamton 650 710 660 730 Brockport 510 590 510 590 Buffalo 570 650 590 680 Buffalo State 400 510 460 530 Cobleskill 430 550 430 540 Cortland 530 600 530 600 Env. Science/Forestry 560 660 560 650 Farmingdale 500 580 510 580 Fashion Institute - - - - Fredonia 490 590 480 580 Geneseo 560 650 560 650 Maritime College 535 620 540 640 Morrisville 430 520 420 520 New Paltz 550 640 540 630 Old Westbury 480 553 470 500 Oneonta 460 590 450 590 Oswego 540 620 530 620 Plattsburgh 540 620 510 610 Polytechnic 490 660 510 690 Potsdam - - - - Purchase 550 650 510 620 Stony Brook 600 680 630 740 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing As an example of what these numbers mean, the middle 50% of students who entered SUNY Albany had an SAT evidence-based reading score between 550 and 630. This tells us that 25% scored a 550 or lower, and the top 25% scored a 630 or higher. Similarly, the middle 50% of students scored between a 550 and 630 on the math section. This means that 25% scored a 550 or lower, and at the upper end, 25% scored a 630 or higher. SUNY and Holistic Admissions Although SAT and ACT are important, they are not the only factors the admissions folks will use when determining whether or not a student will be accepted to a SUNY campus. In fact, some of the SUNY schools like Potsdam do not even require applicants to submit their scores at all. These test-optional universities recognize the limits and biases linked to standardized tests, and they instead evaluate students based their academic records and holistic measures. For nearly all SUNY programs, a strong academic record will be the most important part of your application. The admissions folks will want to see that you have earned high grades in challenging college preparatory classes. IB, Advanced Placement, and dual enrollment classes can all play an important role on this front, for success in challenging courses is the best predictor of an applicants potential for college success. Numerical data, however, is just one part of the SUNY application. The admissions officers will also want to see a winning essay, meaningful extracurricular activities and good letters of recommendation. Fine art and performing art applicants are likely going to need to submit a portfolio or audition, and other specialized programs may have additional application requirements. In general the SUNY schools do not require SAT Subject Tests or the optional writing sections of the SAT or ACT, but be sure to check the specific requirements for the school and program to which you are applying. Also, requirements can be different for international and home-schooled students. Data Source: National Center for Education Statistics

Thchnology as a route to immortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thchnology as a route to immortality - Essay Example Consequently, replication of human thought process brought about immortality of the mind transparently and comprehensibly, since reasoning could not just be replicated but also manipulated (148). Besides thinking without the body, technological advancements promote immortality through promotion of bodies that are impermeable to damage and aging given technology’s ability to health current diseases like cancer; mind uploading that permits existence in virtual reality, alternate bodies or robots, and deep space; and correcting global warming. Based on Cartesian arguments, technological advancements of as thinking machine aimed at relieving human’s immortal mind from its mortal captivity thus lending it a permanent existence both on earth and in heaven (148). Consequently, technology or machine represented secondary individuals with additional perfectionism that will be enhanced through improvements in transhumanism and nanotechnology. The search to imitate the human mind through inventions concluded that machines are thinking, imitate better than human interrogators implying that machines could also learn (151) and function autonomous of human intelligence to make decisions within military context where rational intelligence of artificial intelligence displaces human insanity and limitations (154). Minsky, a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence insinuated that the human interior could be depersonalized and independently replaced by thinking machines (156). Minsky also prophesied the symbiosis of man and machines where AI would accelerate human cognitive process hence promoting high performance machines (157) like voice actuated computers through advancements like ARPANET (158). Like the previous technology enthusiasts, human fascinations with computers incline to spirituality unlike utilitarianism with the brain freeing from the body making it immortal within the cyberspace (160).

Ethics on computing with reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics on computing with reflection - Essay Example Hence, moral and ethical attitude of the consumer of this website plays a major role in sustaining the records of this service. The people who browse this site are worried about the protecting their privacy not only while accessing the web service but also in their normal routines lives as the risk of incursion of personal privacy is very high in this website as in any other website that deals with the client’s personal information. In area of healthcare, the primary code that forms the foundation of any sort of treatments is chiefly the deference for the patient’s dignity. Respecting dignity also involves dealing with ultimate care with a patient’s info. Trust is an integral part of this project as it is the service’s responsibility to provide its users optimum dependability in terms of keeping their info safe from any sort of spasm or stalkers. Therefore protecting the personal information of the patients, which is collected from the hospital, is the foremost priority of the firm that maintains this website. If a situation arises in which it is necessary to share the info with an outsider, this should not be done before getting complete approval of the individual involved or the patient’s relatives (if the patient is not in a condition to give his/her consent). Only under two conditions such information should be shared i.e. if the management changes or the hospital is collaborated with another firm. In such a situation, information should be made available to the new administration as well. The idea of the website is to give quality health care services via internet. The various facilities provided by this website comprises access to doctors of personal records accessible online and allowing the patients to be able to seek advice regarding a particular medical state from other online members of the same forum. All the points

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism - Essay Example However, this is depended on the moral quality of the actions in the previous life. According to the reincarnation beliefs, people take one form of life before taking a different form in another life (Somer and CarmitOr-Chen 460). As such, life does not stop at any particular time; rather, life is a process that keeps on evolving continuously. According to their beliefs, argues Burch (76), when one dies as a human being, he could take the form of an animal, which when dies may take the form of an insect. After the insect dies, it may assume the form of a carrot and later a human being again. There is thus no particular time when the life of one particular generation would ever end, concludes Davidson (123). Unlike other religions such as Islam and Christianity, which believe in the end of life after the death of a person, Hinduism holds different views. However, a person does not emerge in the next life as the previous life; he or she assumes this form as a spirit, and as such, point out Hui and Peter (453), people have hope that they will not entirely vanish from the world. Thus, a man who dies before the birth of his daughter could re-emerge in the daughter buy his spirit entering in the daughter. The belief tries to explain the similarities in people’s characteristics, behaviorisms, and mannerisms. Living people could possess characteristics of a long dead person, and thus, Hindus belief that the spirit of the long dead person reincarnated in the new person. Some Hindu cultures, due to the reincarnation belief, do not eat particular kinds of animals or plant’s (Waterhouse 97). To them, these are spiritual, and are the very kinds that people assume through their reincarnation process. Thus, eating such plants and animals would be killing a person. However, even if I were to believe in re incarnation, I would not agree with the argument that some of the animals having a higher likelihood of people reincarnating through them than others. I would a rgue that all animals and plants, just as if they have equal opportunities of life, have equal opportunities of taking part in the reincarnation process. After all, they all will die at some point, and are too have to reincarnate to one particular form. Although the belief has widely spread in other religions and cultural practices, initially, reincarnation was an eastern religions belief, especially within the Hinduism religion (McClelland 15). However, currently, philosophies such as dianetics and channeling appear to embrace the concepts of reincarnation. In the past, the eastern religions did not consider reincarnation as a good thing; instead, to them it was a bad thing. The ancient belief, assuming the state of nirvana in essence, to them was an escape from the wheel of rebirth. Further, the beliefs held that while reincarnating, when the metaphysical devotion of a soul enters the body of a person was an impure rite of passage. Although conceptually closely related to reincarn ation (Almeder 81), I think the new age religions belief in being born again is a mirror concept to reincarnation. To these religion though, being born again is a good thing rather than a bad thing. Being born again, having a perverse goal differentiates it from the original meaning of reincarnation. Being born again prepares a person to what exactly one

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers Explain why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more than workers with less dangerous jobs The competition in the job market has shown an upward turn, when we talk about the opportunities for the job seekers. There are diversified fields for the job seekers based on their qualifications and experience. But another factor is also very vital when a person seeks a job; his / her own choice regarding environment and the workplace safety is equally important. Some people like to work in offices due to the peaceful, neat and clean environment but the same â€Å"paradise† may be â€Å"hell† for others just because they cannot handle the mental stress attached with the office jobs e.g. Accounting, Finance etc. On the other hand some people enjoy the jobs in the field of marketing, which would not be accepted by those who like to work in isolation. But there are some jobs, which are considered dangerous due to the nature of the workplace, or the work that needs to be carried out. Although none of the workers may like to work in dangerous conditions the compensation of fered attracts individuals to come into this field. So, keeping in view all these factors the compensation package of the employee can be assessed (Roberts, Burton Bodah, 2005). Normally the jobs, which require higher skilled individuals is highly compensated when compared to jobs that require only lower or lesser skills. It is considered that the differential amount paid to the higher educated persons, is in compensation for the additional sacrifices and payment made by the person to obtain the skills and education necessary (Dumond, Hirsch MacPherson, 1999). The workplace area and the safety at workplace catches the attention of the employees to demand extra wages. Smith used the words ‘hardship, ‘disagreeable and ‘dirtiness for the work of colliers in Newcastle to explain why they earned two or three times more than common laborers in Scotland (1976). The statistics have been collected by the Bureau of Labour Statistics These statistics have been published on CNN referring to an 18 year old logger who was killed on December 3, 2002. It clearly depicts that the risk factor involved in these jobs classifies them in the category of additional compensatory jobs. The Timber Cutters are facing a high risk and the rate of mortality has been the highest for them when compared to other jobs. People involved in fisheries are at second with fatality rate of 71.1. Pilots and navigators are at third with the mortality rate of 69.8. All these people work out of doors except the structural metal workers. People involved in driving, sailing, and even flying in the list given below as high risk workers. These are outdoor jobs, which are considered the most dangerous jobs. Therefore people in these jobs need the security and compensation as an attraction to continue doing the job. Employers, therefore offer special allowances and compensation along with medical facility, insurance, housing etc. It is not only the risk that is involved in the job that increases compensation for these workers but many other factors. However the discussion of those factors is outside the scope of this paper and therefore will not be mentioned here. Some salient factors have been given below which shows why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more. One is that there is a direct threat to a workers health and life in a dangerous profession. If a worker is hurt due to the nature of job, he may loose a part of his body and sometimes even his life (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). This could happen even though there are many workplace health and safety regulations in place and even though the supervisors and the employees themselves are trained on how to maximize safety in the work area. Further a direct threat to the life of a worker is also a threat to the stability and security for his or her dependants. This is because if the worker looses his life or his ability to work (due to injury or disability) the dependents would loose their safety net and can be made destitute (McDuff, 1999). Different jobs have different health hazards Different jobs have different health hazards and by implication different life expectancies. Workers in dangerous jobs are assumed to get a higher wages to compensate for the lower life expectancy and by measuring the size of that premium you can get a rough measure of the value of an extra year (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). It turns out that this calculation gives a strong effect: the benchmark calculation assumes that a ten percent increase in life expectancy will generate a 0.24 percentage points increase in adjusted GDP growth (Osburn, 2000). Workers may also need compensation for the stress and anxiety they have to face due to the dangers they are exposed to in the workplace (Mcgoldrick, 1995). For example armed forces stationed in high altitude locations are awarded extra allowance for the isolation at glaciers. The dangerous jobs also need a high level of hard work and physical efforts, which is normally more than the efforts required in normal physical labour. Therefore the extra physical effort of the workers must be compensated by the employer, and this is another reason why employees in dangerous of physically demanding professions get higher wages (Miller, Mulvey Norris, 1997). Concluding the discussion above, it is evident that the dangerous jobs are facing high risk increasing the life uncertainty of the workers. They need life insurance for their life for their families and dependents. Critically appraise the findings of empirical studies that have estimated compensating wage differentials. In labour economics the term Compensation differential is use to describe and analyze the relationship between wage rate and the corresponding risk, unpleasantness and any dangerous attitudes that are entailed in the job. The term compensation differential is also known as â€Å"equalizing difference† or even â€Å"compensating wage differential†. A compensating wage differential refers to the additional compensation that is paid to a worker or an employee in order to motivate the individual to take on a job that is considered undesirable or even a dangerous in comparison to other jobs that are available in the market (Schettkat, 1993). However it is noteworthy that â€Å"compensating differentials† does not apply only to dangerous and undesirable jobs, but also to extremely desirable jobs with special benefits. In the case of the latter, instead of being paid a higher compensation, the individuals concerned will be willing to accept a lower pay as the job entails benefits that are special and cannot be found elsewhere or with any other jobs. The difference here is however that instead of the compensation differential being positive it will be negative in the case of the latter example (Schettkat, 1993). A lot of models have been presented by different authors around the globe regarding compensating wage differentials and many studies have been undertaken in this area. Based on these studies, surveys and analyses, findings have been published in the journals, newspapers and websites. These publications stressed the compensating wage differentials not only for the workers exposed to death due to accidents but for other reasons as well. The term ‘Risk Premium is also used as an alternative to the compensating wage differentials for the workers doing dangerous jobs. Marin and Psacharopoulos (1982), in the first paper using British data from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Occupational Mortality Decennial Supplement 1970-72, find evidence of a wage premium for exposure to fatal risk. Sandy and Elliott (1996) and Arabsheibani and Marin (2000) using similar data over the period 1979 to 1983, and Siebert and Wei (1994) using Health and Safety Executive (HSE) data for 1986 to 1988, all find evidence of a fatal risk premium. Another study has been carried out in the Hong Kong regarding compensating wage differentials laying special emphasis on the risk associated with the workplace fatality. The data has been collected from the 1991 census and then it has been merged with the accident data provided by the Labour Department. A theory has been presented by Thaler and Rosen in 1976. The estimation of compensating wage differentials has been carried out with the following formula W = a0 + a1X + a2p + e Where w is the wage rate, X a vector of individual and job characteristics, including the usual human capital variables; p is a measure of job risk and e is an error term. Over the past two decades studies have estimated compensating wage differentials by using this equation. The result normally suggests that a positive and significant compensating wage differential for the jobs with mortality risk is found mostly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan. Another important factor the compensating wage differentials has been identified as; child penalty. The fact that mothers tend to earn less than women without children seems to be well established in the economic literature and is called child penalty or family gap. Several researchers found raw wage gaps of almost 20% for the US, 13% for the UK and up to 20% for Germany. In order to investigate the impact of motherhood on the choice between pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP; 1984-2003) was used by Felfe in 2006. The sample of interest consists of women during their fertile years, defined as the age from 16 to 46. The dataset provides detailed information about personal and job characteristics, about pecuniary and in particular non-pecuniary ones. Besides it reports satisfaction with the job what is used as a proxy for utility and allows testing if both pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics determine jointly the satisfaction of a mother. The longitudinal nature of the data allows observing mothers around first birth. Th e dataset used is the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), which is a yearly repeated survey of Germans and Foreigners in West and East Germany (1984-2003). Since 1984 the GSOEP follows the members of the panel. In 2003 the GSOEP provided information about more than 12000 households consisting of more than 24000 people In order to test the hypothesis of the child penalty as a compensating wage differential, the following methodology, divided in three parts, has been conducted. A first step was to investigate if motherhood really affects the job characteristics, i.e. if not only the pecuniary but also the non-pecuniary job characteristics change after motherhood and thus the loss of wage might be compensated with an increase in amenities. In order to estimate changes in job characteristics around and after motherhood, an event study analysis has been used which studies the effects of first birth on a variety of job characteristics. A second necessary step was to show if and how certain job features enter the utility of mothers. According to theory of compensating wage differentials both pecuniary and non-pecuniary characteristics determine jointly the utility of a worker. In case a mother is willing to give up part of her income in order to have a more family friendly job, certain job characteristics have to compensate for this loss in wage and thus raise the utility of a mother. In order to test this empirically, satisfaction regressions has been used. In a last step the actual compensating wage differential has been measured, i.e. how much of their wage mothers are willing to give up for having a job with more amenities (less disamenities). Therefore as a last step a hedonic wage regression has been run including certain (dis-) amenities as control variables. Conclusion The conclusion of the above discussion reveals that the compensating wage differentials have been studied by many of the analysts around the globe using different methodologies and statistics. These studies helped the users understanding the trend regarding compensating wage differentials and the impact on workers. REFERENCES Abraham, J, Lluis, S. (2008) â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Fringe Benefits: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 1997-2004†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Christie, L. (2003) â€Å"Americas most dangerous jobs The top ten most dangerous jobs in America†, CNN Money, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from Dumond, J. M., Hirsch, B. T., MacPherson, D. A. (1999). â€Å"Wage Differentials Across Labor Markets and Workers: Does Cost of Living Matter?†. Economic Inquiry, 37(4), pp. 577-608. Dupuy, A. Smits, W. (2009), â€Å"How Large is the Compensating Wage Differential for RD Workers?† Retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Felfe, C. (2006), â€Å"The child penalty A compensating wage differential†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Lanfranchi, J., Ohlsson, H., Skalli, A (2009) â€Å"Compensating Wage Differentials And Shift Work Preferences* Evidence from France†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from McDuff, E. M. (1999). â€Å"Social Support and Compensating Differentials in the Ministry: Gender Differences in Two Protestant Denominations†. Review of Religious Research, 40(4), pp. 307-330. Mcgoldrick, K. (1995). â€Å"Do Women Receive Compensating Wages for Earnings Uncertainty?†. Southern Economic Journal, 62(1), pp. 210. Miller, P., Mulvey, C., Norris, K. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials for Risk of Death in Australia†. Economic Record, 73(223), pp. 363. Osburn, J. (2000). â€Å"Interindustry Wage Differentials: Patterns and Possible Sources†. Monthly Labor Review, 123(2), pp. 34. Polachek, S. W. Siebert, S. W. (1993) Economics of Earnings. Cambridge University Press. Roberts, K., Burton, J. F., Bodah, M. M. (Eds.). (2005). Workplace Injuries and Diseases: Prevention and Compensation : Essays in Honor of Terry Thomason. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Schettkat, R. (1993). â€Å"Compensating Differentials? Wage Differentials and Employment Stability in the U.S. and German Economies†. Journal of Economic Issues, 27(1), pp. 153. Schumacher, E. J., Hirsch, B. T. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Unmeasured Ability in the Labor Market for Nurses: Why do Hospitals Pay More?†. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 50(4), pp. 557-579. Siebert, W. S. Wei, X (1998), â€Å"Wage Compensation for Job Risks: The Case of Hong Kong†, Asian Economic Journal, Vol 12 No. 2, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from â€Å"The Human Development Index. A better way of measuring welfare? Notes on Nick Crafts, ‘The human development index and changes in standard of living: some historical comparisons†. European Review of Economic History, Vol 1, (1997), retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from REFERENCES The Bureau of Labour Statistics, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from

Agriculture & Industry

Industry, in general, is taken to be categorized into three types, which are the agricultural industry, the commercial industry, and the manufacturing industry. The highlight of this paper focuses on the first of the three, which is the agricultural industry.More specifically, the impact of shifts and price elasticity of supply and demand, positive and negative externalities, wage inequality, and monetary and fiscal policies are investigated in order to make a holistic assessment of the level of success that the industry has achieved and the economic influences that has affected it in a negative way.The agriculture industry is among the three categories that deal with the acquisition of resources from land and water that provide the necessities in life (Jackson, 1841). Likewise, it serves as the source from which raw materials could be taken and are subsequently passed on to the manufacturing industry for processing (Jackson, 1841).It could be remembered that the manufacturing indust ry is among the three industries that form an important part of the economy. It is considered to have an impact both in direct and indirect terms in achieving economic growth and the reasons behind this is two-fold (Faruqee, 1999).First, both the linkages in farm inputs, which includes equipment, fertilizers, and chemicals, and processing of food and fiber is considered as strong (Faruqee, 1999). Second, any increase in the income derived from the agriculture industry is also spent on locally-produced goods and services (Faruquee, 1999).An important economic aspect is that of the element of labor which is also present in this particular industry.   It is important to take note of this because of the important role it plays in the growth and success in achieving the intended purpose expected from the society.Labor, in this particular sector, is further categorized into three, which is composed of those whose task involve the collection of the products from â€Å"the land and water , animal, vegetable, and mineral†; those who preserve, augment, and process these products; and those who are associated with the production of agricultural tools and infrastructure (Jackson, 1841).Taking this into consideration, the agricultural industry is affected in such a way that overproduction or underproduction in relation to the consumption of people have to be weighed carefully in order for the commodities to be sold at a competitive price in the market. Likewise, the following shifts in the curves would help in determining the market price for the produce.However, an important aspect, which is referred to as elasticity, should be related to this as there are important impacts that it has over the equilibrium price and quantity in relation to the shifts in demand and supply curves.In situations where there is a shift in the demand for a good that has a greater value of elasticity in terms of supply, the change in equilibrium quantity is larger and the change in equil ibrium price is smaller (Lipsey & Harbury, 1992).On the other hand, the shift in the demand does not have impact on the equilibrium market price should the supply of the good being considered is perfectly elastic and there is no effect on equilibrium quantity should the supply be perfectly inelastic (Lipsey & Harbury, 1992).As for the supply curve, the shift in the supply leads to a larger change in the equilibrium quantity and a lower degree of change in the equilibrium price if the elasticity of demand is greater (Lipsey & Harbury, 1992).For goods with a perfectly elastic demand, the shift in supply has no corresponding impact on the equilibrium market price and there is no effect for the equilibrium quantity if the demand for the good is perfectly inelastic (Lipsey & Harbury, 1992).The consideration of the shifts in both the supply and demand curve together with that of the elasticity in terms of supply and demand of the good is particularly of great help in making decisions in t erms of the planning for the industry regarding the production of the goods and consumption especially in areas where there is hunger.

Critical Literacy

â€Å"Read the word to read the world. † (Freire) Being critically literate is not just about being able to understand words. It is about reading, listening, or hearing texts and coming up with your own thoughts on them. Being able to discuss your thoughts between many different people using your life and knowledge as a baseline. Critically literate citizens challenge thoughts by advocating as well as being active in their government. An activist uses literacy to critically understand and challenge social and political power.Activist's enjoy collaborating with other groups to change attitudes, policies, and laws. They use and interpret language to challenge and shape themselves and institutions. Illegal immigrant supporters are a good example of critical literacy. How you perceive what you read will enforce if you are on the pro- or anti- side of the debate. Asking a simple question about The United States jobs you will receive many different answers based on the knowledge and understanding of the particular person you are asking.Some activist's believe that illegal immigrants help the economy by working for low costs. Others believe they take U. S jobs that citizens could benefit from regardless of wage. Using the knowledge they have obtained from news casters, articles, and other people they dissect the information to come up with their stance. Activist's then are able to knowledgeably speak out about the changes they want to achieve. The Communists Manifesto, by Karl Marx, is a critically literate book that brings to light what Marx believes as class struggles and problems of capitalism.The book gives readers an understanding of Marx's theories about society and politics. Bell Hooks, a feminist, feels that literacy is essential to the future of the feminist movement because the lack of reading, writing, and critical skills serves to exclude many women and men from feminist consciousness. Not only that, it excludes many from the political process and t he labour market. (infed. org) Thomas Jefferson felt that â€Å"Information is the currency of democracy. † Cutting apart the information will give you a better sense of the government and your rights.Jefferson believed there was a correlation between literacy, citizenship and successful self-government. (Sparagana) When you are well-informed then you could be trusted with your own government. Using media outlets and websites people have the opportunity to critique news articles, get people to notice their problems, and ask government officials the questions they have. Do a search for a news outlet's website and article after article will have a spot to post your opinion as well as question the writer's point of view and the opinions of others who have posted.Having the internet easily accessible makes it even easier to keep tabs on the government. Having open options to ask or write your president or any other elected official questions from the information you have obtained will make it easier to have a discussion and either change their minds or have your own changed. Being able to critically look at the texts you are able to challenge government in a way to make your own voice heard. Critical literacy is important knowledge to have.Without it you would not be able to form your own opinions and not be able to understand the opinions of others. Having freedom of speech is a precious thing that we all should take advantage of. We are given a voice to to speak what we feel regarding every aspect of our lives. A critically literate citizen is necessary for a meaningful participation in society. Whether it is to have an in-depth discussion with your friends, writing and reading books, or watching a movie critical literacy brings meaning to your life.

buy custom Employee Resourcing essay

buy custom Employee Resourcing essay Report A Recruitment and selection shapes a center element of the fundamental activities, essential to human resource administration: specifically, the possession, expansion and incentive of employees. It often outlines an essential ingredient of the operation of human resource executives or selected experts inside of the work groups. Nevertheless, and most prominently, recruitment and selection conclusions are, frequently, achieved by non-experts, via the line supervisors. There exists, as a result, an imperative rationale, in which it is the liability of the entire management crew, and where human resource divisions reside, it might be that HR managers are more likely to act as sustaining consultative part to those people who are to oversee, or, in further means, operate with the new worker. According to Mullins (2010), If the HRM function is to remain effective, there must be consistently good levels of teamwork, plus ongoing co-operation and consultation between line managers and the HR m anager. This is mainly and unquestionably the issue in recruitment and selection as professional HR managers can be an essential storehouse of the latest understanding and skills, for instance, regarding the key lawful aspects of this field. Recruitment and selection is regularly illustrated as a designed coherent action, involving specific serially-connected stages in a procedure of employee resourcing, which itself might be situated inside of a broader HR management stratagem. Pilbeam and Corbridge (2006) present a practical impression of probable constructive and unconstructive facets, stating that: The recruitment and selection of employees is fundamental to the functioning of an organization, and there are compelling reasons for getting it right. Inappropriate selection decisions reduce organizational effectiveness, invalidate reward, and development strategies are frequently unfair on the individual recruit and can be distressing for managers who have to deal with unsuitable e mployees. A CIPD review (2008) stated that 86 per cent of British businesses were facing the complexity of fulfilling openings despite the economic and monetary emergency, which has burst during that year. To some extent, this was the result of an expertise crisis in which 70 per cent of the research trial, referring to a shortage of required applicant skills, as the chief cause for recruitment troubles. In nowadays viable and challenging work setting, businesses are required to be deliberate, when conducting their recruitment tactic. Employing the suitable entities is vital for managerial achievement; on the other hand, executing and deploying the incorrect selection choice will turn out to be precious in relation to time, capital, and service value. Numerous organizations fall short as a result of seriously restricted managing resources (Bartram 2005). Subsequently, businesses do not recognize where to come across the right managers for their business. Repeatedly, there is an increased dependence on congenital individual contacts, friendships, suppositions, idle talk appointments and traditional networks. Internal Referrals Besides an internal endorsement, a referral from colleagues or reliable affiliations is frequently the slightest costly method of seeking new managers. Numerous organizations proffer inducements to the arbitrator, typically in the form of a financial charge. Various bigger conglomerates and few state-owned businesses employ internal referral systems. Job openings are endorsed on a company intranet location and operating workers are urged to seek appropriate applicants. The chief benefit of referral recruitment is that it permits recruiters to contact inert applicants, those who are not dynamically searching for a new occupation, however, are, sometimes, among the most valued workers. Advocates of such recruitment method argue that in view of the fact that each entrant arrives with a personal reference behind him/her, the applicants tend to be more apt to the occupation, and the applicants by now have a referee. Nevertheless, the networking and seeking of confidential affiliations, ca n be highly restricted, and does not generate a whole representation of the obtainable talent pool. A company might not realize if they are recruiting the preeminent presented manager for the opening. Print Advertising Print advertising comprises brochures, leaflets, newspaper advertisements, announcements, business cards, etc. Print is the widely universal mean for employment advertising. Though the internet has, truly, reduced the worth of a print ad for employing, there still exists a place for print advertisements, relying on the objectives of the staffing group. The risk with newspaper advertising is that numerous managers, who are presently recruited, are too hectic or too satisfied in their existing position, to have a look at the recruitment announcements. These advertisements classically defer in numbers of applicants who are unemployed or whose expertise is utterly distinct to the position or business. Newspaper advertising may seem to be cost-effective, however, when the real cost, spent in personnel time reviewing, screening, dispensation, and reacting to unsuitable and extreme applications is combined, the price seem to b overpowering. A further threat is when businesses invest lots of time to seek and to recruit gifted experts in a rigid labor market; they can fail to benefit from prominent candidates (Bertua 2005). Internet Advertising The exploitation of online recruitment methods, for example, as used in Tesco and Topshop, is currently prevalent amongst UK organizations; however, has not controlled the recruitment market in the approach that was forecasted by the well-known media. This might be because organizations undergo diverse accomplishment in employing online systems of recruitment (Perry Tyson 2008). In accordance with the US research company MarketResearch.Com, by the end of 2006, US employers were using more online media, than any additional means, counting newspapers: $5.9Bn for online, measured up to $5.4Bn for newspaper publicity. At $5.9Bn in 2006, the employment segment reflected 25% of all Internet advertising. More development is anticipated, of the 24.4M Americans, who were scheduling to seek a job in 2006, only 34 percent scheduled to exploit the Internet in their investigation. Meaning 67% of those, looking for a job, are not presently exploiting the Internet. Industry figures demonstrate that 100% of the technologically advanced businesses in Global 500 list, and 89% of Fortune 500 organizations, by now utilize their business websites for employment. Out of those, 17% are in receipt of 75% of the CVs online. At the moment, consumption of the Internet for employment is the standard; this involves the copious career websites that encompass all job areas of expertise an d industries. For an extremely trivial cost, in relationship to print, a business can have admission to thousands of applicants from all over the globe in just a matter of days (Costa McCrae 1992). Candidate Database Organizations, which have underwent the procedures of executing and implementing candidate database systems and initiated the course of crafting talent pools, will find themselves one step ahead of the rivalry, since they are not just subsidizing sourcing costs, but as well acquiring a short list of candidates more promptly. The benefit of exploiting managerial recruitment companies is that they commonly maintain a state-of-the-art database of knowledgeable potential workers. From the customers viewpoint, it captures the time out of publicity, interviewing and selecting applicants, and can supply the customer a convenient worker to be suitable for his or her employment requirement. Furthermore, if an expert candidate is needed, a recruitment company has the know-how to catch the attention of the apposite individual; many recruiters concentrate in function markets. Report B If selection methods are found to be invalid, employee selection judgments are no more precise than decisions, relying on a coin toss. Validity is the extent to which an assessment precisely forecasts job presentation. Selection methods are applicable to the degree that indicators measure or are considerably associated with work conduct, job results, or upshots. The procedure of verifying that a forecaster is appreciably related to an appraisal of work performance, job yield, or outcomes is corroboration. The validation method reveals that an important arithmetical association takes part between a forecaster and a decisive factor measure of flourishing performance on an occupation. A predictor is any portion of data that can be employed to monitor candidates. Predictors comprise information from relevance blanks (schooling level, knowledge, etc.); ratings on tests of ability, skill, or talent; data from awareness and character records; and interviewer evaluations of a candidate. Decisive factor measures are any variables of work attitude, job upshots, or conclusions that are valuable to a manager. Job achievement is an intangible notion that denotes dissimilar things to diverse managers. There exist three main kinds of validation exploited to validate forecasters. They are: a- criterion-related validity; b- construct validity; c-content validity. Criterion-related validity A predictor has measure-associated validity if a statistically important connection can be revealed between the predictor and some codes of work conduct or performance. Instances of performance codes are manufacture rates, fault rates, delay, absences, duration of service, and supervisor's scores. Construct validity Rather than openly examining or employing further information to forecast job achievement, some selection methods claim to compute the extent to which a candidate acquires psychological attributes, termed constructs. Constructs comprise cleverness, headship ability, oral ability, involuntary ability, manual deftness, etc. Content validity A selection method has content validity, if it emblematically ttests noteworthy fractions of an employment, such as a categorizing test for a file clerk, or an evaluation of cash register procedure for a grocery regulator. Selection checks that estimate major facets of a job are termed job sample tests. Roughly 75% of managers underwent employment issues last year, in relation to research by IRS Employment Review, Personnel Today's periodicals. The most recent HR Prospects survey discovered that private segment managers were more prone to face recruitment issues than their public sector complements, with 77% stating difficulties, assessed to 73%. The industrialized and production sector was the least prone to encounter complexities, with 65% stating employment problems, the observation of 427 managers revealed. Recruitment issues were as well more common in larger businesses. 75% of managers with more than 1000 workers stated complexities measured up to 68% of those with no more than 250 of staff. Approximately 50% of all managers went through withholding issues last year, the IRS Employment Review study discovered. As with recruitment, retention problems were deemed as more widespread in the private division, with 57% of organizations revealing issues. However, public sector businesses charged practically well, with only 33.7% stating to have had retention complexities, weighed against 41% in the industrialized and production segments. Companies with employees, ranging from 250-999 workers, were the least prone to come across retention issues, measured up to 49% in managers with less than 250 of staff. Retention problems were considered to be the most prevailing in businesses with over 1000 personnel, with 50% of the candidates stating difficulties (Schmidt 1998). Moog - Advanced Engineering Company, based in Tewkesbury I have chosen Moog, an advanced engineering company, based in Tewkesbury, UK. The company produces precision control valves for Formula 1 automobiles, helicopters and airliner. Their products are diminutive, factually worth more than their weight in terms of gold. But Moog is currently having a difficulty in recruiting younger generations, and is profoundly seeking new ways and approaches to alter the perception of young people towards engineering. However, I believe that the issue and the problem lies in the very core of the companys recruitment and weak selection, or rather void method. The most competent method that I find valid and reliable is the On-Line Recruitment Process. ON-LINE APPLICATIONS/RECRUITING ON THE INTERNET Exploiting the Internet is quicker and less costly than many conventional method of employing. Jobs can be placed on Internet websites for a humble amount, stay there for an interlude of forty or seventy days or more, and at no supplementary cost, and are obtainable 24/7. Applicants can see thorough information about the occupation and the business and, then, react automatically. Most houses and offices are now employing mechanized apparatus for communication; the Internet is quickly reflecting the method of selection for entering and allocating information. Inexperienced job finders currently tend to navigate through websites for job postings than to read thoroughly into newspapers, magazines and periodicals. The commonness of e-advertising has facilitated the way. The Internet accelerates the recruiting process in three center phases: Faster posting of jobs The wait for an appropriate date and an important location in the print media is removed. The time delay that resides between the giving in of information to the media quarters and its emergence in print - evaporates. On the internet, the ad is displayed instantaneously and can be maintained for as long as the employer needs it. Faster candidate response Jobs put on the Internet and requiring reactions through the same medium obtain responses on the exact day. Faster dispensation of rsums A candidate, submitting a CV by electronic means, can instantly have the application progressed, obtain an acknowledgement, be monitored automatically, and have facts of the application and CV sent off to many employers simultaneously. On-line employment also generates admission to passive job searchers; that is persons who previously have an occupation, but would submit an application to the better job, posted and promoted on the web. Those job finders might reflect superior eminence, for they are not anxious for a job change as are the dynamic job searchers, who might be aggravated, displeased employees seeking a new opening (Lucia 1999). Organizations that prone to advertise on-line typically comprise a website that permits probable applicants to identify more with the company before choosing whether to apply, hence, reducing the occurrence of time-killing via the giving in of inappropriate applications. The website is perceived as an instrument to urge probable employment seekers to showcase a concern in enrolling the company (Smither 1993). Buy custom Employee Resourcing essay

The Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international 13 year effort that began in October of 1990. The main objective of the project is to map the entire human DNA sequence. The project was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances have moved the completion date to 2003. A rough draft of the human genome was completed in June 2000. Efforts are still underway to complete the finished high quality sequence. Many laboratories around the United States receive funding from either the Department of Energy (DOE) or the National Institutes of Health, or from both, for the HGP. Other researchers at colleges, universities, and laboratories throughout the United States also receive funding for the project. At any given time, the DOE Human Genome Project funds about 200 separate investigators. At least 18 countries have established human genome research programs. Some of the larger programs are in Australia, France, Sweden, China and the United Kingdom. Some developing countries are participating through studies of molecular biology techniques for genome research and studies of organisms that are particularly interesting to their geographic regions. The Human Genome Project Organization helps to coordinate international efforts in the genome project. There are many benefits and goals of the Human Genome Project. Rapid progress in genome science and a glimpse into its potential applications have helped observers to predict that biology will be the the most important science of the 21 century. Aside from its medical and scientific benefits, the development of genomics research presents U.S. industry with many opportunities. The Consulting Resources Corporation Newsletter (Spring 1999) said that the sale of DNA based products and technologies in the biotechnology industry are rejected to exceed $45 billion by 2009. One of the goals of the project is improved knowledge in the area of molecular medicine. Increasin

Community Involvement Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Involvement Program - Essay Example Community Academy Public Charter Schools (CAPCS) and Northwestern University have implemented community involvement programs as part of the learning process. CAPCS incorporates parent involvement in teaching young children at the elementary level. The Amos 3 campus at CAPCS provides early childhood programs that give children a firm academic career foundation (CAPCS, 1). The program focuses on basic concepts of math and reading as part of educational introduction. Social development, respect, good behavior, and passion for learning are promoted at the campus. Parents team up with teachers and administrator to assist the development process. CAPCS has been successful by concentrating on science and technology to emphasis hand-on problem solving skills. Children learn critical thinking and problem solving and acquire basic knowledge required in all academic fields. This has been instrumental in preparing children academically and socially before venturing into secondary school, which h as led to successful academicians from Amos 3 campus (CAPCS, 2). Northwestern university has several programs within their community involvement program that provides students with local and international opportunities. The Applied Medical Society provides events targeting students with interest in healthcare provision. Participants learn basic skills such as CPR in these events (NU, 1). Campus kitchens employ volunteer students who learn the process of recycling un-served food into nutritious meals for seniors, community organizations, and youth programs. Graduates and undergraduates also participate in exchange and capacity building programs with cohorts from over 50 universities in over 40 countries. These workshops provide mentorship and prepare students for career opportunities. Most activities are centered on students and there is little participation from parents. The program prepares students for career ventures and student organizations within the campus have been instrumental in the success of the community involvement program.

Media Centrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Centrism - Essay Example Media centrism refers to the discriminatory reporting of new or past issues by the conventional journalists. It broadly entails a media position about particular social agendas that in turn reflects their support or public acceptance. Therefore, media centrism usually entails the opinionated coverage of political systems, environmental occurrences or other social issues such as diseases (Fuchs, 2011, pp. 297). Media centrism is not a new concept; journalists have perfected the art for purposes either enhancing or tarnishing the public image. Journalists or media houses give preference particular issues. The liking demonstrates the length of airtime and breadth of coverage and analysis. In most instances, media centrism manifests in the reporting of election campaigns. A journalist might decide to cover entirely an event and provide and positive description of the process. On the other hand, the media provides little coverage for an event they do not like. Media centrism also demonstr ates in reporting of gender or cultural issues. In this instance, a journalist may provide an analysis that supports or opposes the gender policies (Daniele Albertazzi, 2013, pp. 130). Media reporting should be neutral on pertinent issues. The reporting should also give the listeners or viewers the opportunity to make informed decisions. Hence, media centrism violates media laws and ethical reporting. It denies the listeners or viewers the opportunity to get real-time information. Besides, media centrism also neglects the different ideologies that people possess. Hence, the reporting in some way disregards people’s diversity and cultural viewpoints. Particular examples of media centrism include the following (Fuchs, 2011, pp. 298). British Broadcast Corporation is discriminatory reporting during the Lebanon War in 2006. Israeli authorities claimed the corporation favored Hezbollah. Hence, they refused media interviews and barred BBC news during the entire period.